Federico Cargnelutti

One of the challenges of Web development is managing multiple build environments. Most applications pass through several environments before they are released. These environments include: A local development environment, a shared development environment, a system integration environment, a user acceptance environment and a production environment.

Automated Builds

Automated builds provide a consistent method for building applications and are used to give other developers feedback about whether the code was successfully integrated or not. There are different types of builds: Continuous builds, Integration builds, Release builds and Patch builds.

A source control system is the main point of integration for source code. When your team works on separate parts of the code base, you have to ensure that your checked in code doesn’t break the Integration build. That’s why it is important that you run your unit tests locally before checking in code.

Here is a recommended process for checking code into source control:

• Get the latest code from source control before running your tests
• Verify that your local build is building and passing all the unit tests before checking in code
• Use hooks to run a build after a transaction has been committed
• If the Integration build fails, fix the issue because you are now blocking other developers from integrating their code

Hudson can help you automate these tasks. It’s extremely easy to install and can be configured entirely from a Web UI. Also, it can be extended via plug-ins and can execute Phing, Ant, Gant, NAnt and Maven build scripts.

Build File

We need to create a master build file that contains the actions we want to perform. This script should make it possible to build the entire project with a single command line.

First we need to separate the source from the generated files, so our source files will be in the “src” directory and all the generated files in the “build” directory. By default Ant uses build.xml as the name for a build file, this file is usually located in the project root directory.

Then, you have to define whatever environments you want:

project/
    build/
        files/
            local/
            development/
            integration/
            production/
        packages/
            development/
                project-dev-0.1RC-1.noarch.rpm
            integration/
            production/
    src/
    tests/
    build.xml

Build files tend to contain the same actions:

• Delete the previous build directory
• Copy files
• Manage dependencies
• Run unit tests
• Generate HTML and XML reports
• Package files

The target element is used as a wrapper for a sequences of actions. A target has a name, so that it can be referenced from elsewhere, either externally from the command line or internally via the “depends” or “antcall” keyword. Here’s a basic build.xml example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<project name="project" basedir="." default="main">

    <property environment="env"/>

    <property name="src.dir" value="src"/>
    <property name="tests.dir" value="tests"/>
    <property name="build.dir" value="build"/>
    <property name="build.env" value="local"/>

    <target name="init"></target>
    <target name="test"></target>
    <target name="clean"></target>
    <target name="build" depends="test, clean"></target>
    <target name="package-rpm"></target>
    <target name="deploy"></target>
    <target name="profile"></target>
    <target name="test-selenium"></target>

    <target name="build-development" depends="init"></target>
    <target name="build-integration" depends="init"></target>
    <target name="build-production" depends="init"></target>

</project>

The property element allows the declaration of properties which are like user-definable variables available for use within an Ant build file. The following example intends to describe a typical Ant build file, of course, it can be easily modified to suit your personal needs.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<project name="project" basedir="." default="main">

    <property environment="env"/>

    <property name="src.dir" value="src"/>
    <property name="tests.dir" value="tests"/>
    <property name="build.dir" value="build"/>
    <property name="build.env" value="local"/>

    <target name="init">
        <echo message="Hudson build ID: ${env.BUILD_ID}"/>
        <echo message="Hudson build number: ${env.BUILD_NUMBER}"/>
        <echo message="SVN revision: ${env.SVN_REVISION}"/>
        <tstamp>
            <format property="build.datetime" pattern="dd-MMM-yy HH:mm:ss"/>
        </tstamp>
        <echo message="Build started at ${build.datetime}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="test">
        ...
    </target>

    <target name="clean">
        <delete dir="${build.dir}/files/${build.env}"/>
        <delete dir="${build.dir}/packages/${build.env}"/>
        <mkdir dir="${build.dir}/files/${build.env}"/>
        <mkdir dir="${build.dir}/packages/${build.env}"/>
    </target>

    <target name="build" depends="test, clean">
        <echo message="Environment: ${build.env}"/>
        ...
    </target>

    ...

    <target name="build-development" depends="init">
        <property name="build.env" value="development"/>
        <antcall target="build"/>
        <antcall target="package-rpm"/>
        <antcall target="deploy"/>
        <antcall target="profile"/>
    </target>

    <target name="build-integration" depends="init">
        <property name="build.env" value="integration"/>
        <antcall target="build"/>
        <antcall target="package-rpm"/>
        <antcall target="deploy"/>
        <antcall target="test-selenium"/>
    </target>

    <target name="build-production" depends="init">
       ...
    </target>

</project>

Properties can be defined either inside the buildfile or in a standalone properties file. For example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<project name="project" basedir="." default="main">

    <property environment="env"/>
    <property file="local.properties"/>

    ...

    <target name="build" depends="test, clean">
        <echo message="Environment: ${build.env}"/>
        ...
    </target>

    <target name="build-development" depends="init">
        <property file="development.properties"/>
        <antcall target="build"/>
        ...
    </target>

    <target name="build-integration" depends="init">
        <property file="integration.properties"/>
        <echo message="Environment: ${build.env}"/>
        ...
    </target>

</project>

There are different ways to target multiple environments. I hope I have covered enough of the basic functionality to get you started. Good luck.

Apache’s mod_deflate module provides the DEFLATE output filter that allows output from your server to be compressed before being sent to the client over the network.

There are two ways of enabling gzip compression:

1. Using Apache’s mod_deflate
2. Using PHP’s built-in functions

Encoding the output and setting the appropriate headers manually makes the code more portable. Keep in mind that there are hundreds of Linux distributions, each slightly different to significantly different. To allow portability the application should not make assumptions about the OS or config involved.

Using Apache

1. Enable mod_deflate

Debian/Ubuntu:

$ a2enmod deflate
$ /etc/init.d/apache2 force-reload

2. Configure mode_deflate

$ nano /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/deflate.conf

#
# mod_deflate configuration
#
<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/xml
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xhtml+xml
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/rss+xml
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript
 AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-javascript

 DeflateCompressionLevel 9

 BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4 gzip-only-text/html
 BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4\.0[678] no-gzip
 BrowserMatch \bMSIE !no-gzip !gzip-only-text/html

 DeflateFilterNote Input instream
 DeflateFilterNote Output outstream
 DeflateFilterNote Ratio ratio
</IfModule>

Using PHP

Create a gzip compressed string in your bootstrap file:

try {
    $frontController = Zend_Controller_Front::getInstance();
    if (@strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== false) {
        ob_start();
        $frontController->dispatch();
        $output = gzencode(ob_get_contents(), 9);
        ob_end_clean();
        header('Content-Encoding: gzip');
        echo $output;
    } else {
        $frontController->dispatch();
    }
} catch (Exeption $e) {
    if (Zend_Registry::isRegistered('Zend_Log')) {
        Zend_Registry::get('Zend_Log')->err($e->getMessage());
    }
    $message = $e->getMessage() . "\n\n" . $e->getTraceAsString();
    /* trigger event */
}

Reference

Use mod_deflate to compress Web content delivered by Apache

Yesterday an interesting HTTP DoS tool has been released. The tool performs a Denial of Service attack on Apache (and some other, see below) servers by exhausting available connections. While there are a lot of DoS tools available today, this one is particularly interesting because it holds the connection open while sending incomplete HTTP requests to the server.

More info here

Antonio Cangiano wrote:

Redis is a key-value database written in C. It can be used like memcached, in front of a traditional database, or on its own thanks to the fact that the in-memory datasets are not volatile but instead persisted on disk. Redis provides you with the ability to define keys that are more than mere strings, as well as being able to handle multiple databases, lists, sets and even basic master-slave replication. It’s amazingly fast. On an entry level Linux box, Redis has been benchmarked performing 110,000 SET operations, and 81,000 GETs, per second.

Despite being a very young project, it already has client libraries for several languages: Python and PHP, Erlang, and Ruby. Salvatore Sanfilippo, the creator of Redis, has implemented a Twitter clone known as Retwis to showcase how you can use Redis and PHP to build applications without the need for a database like MySQL or any SQL query.

Salvatore will be publishing a beginner’s article based on the PHP Twitter clone he wrote, soon.

Full article: Introducing Redis: a fast key-value database

Here’s the thing: you’re developing a server deployed application, it could be a web application but it doesn’t have to be, and you’re probably deploying to more than one server. Even if you just have one server to deploy to, it still get tiresome in the long run to build your project, fire up your favorite SFTP utility, upload your build, log in to the server with SSH, possibly stop the server, deploy the build, and finally start the server again.

What we’d like to do, is to build, upload and deploy our application with a single command line. Fabric is a tool that, at its core, logs into a number of hosts with SSH, and executes a set of commands, and possibly uploads or downloads files.

Fabric Project Site

Want to become a Linux guru, or just look like one? Then visit Command-Line-Fu.

From the site:

Command-Line-Fu is the place to record those command-line gems that you return to again and again. Delete that bloated snippets file you’ve been using and share your personal repository with the world. That way others can gain from your CLI wisdom and you from theirs too. All commands can be commented on and discussed. Voting is also encouraged so the best float to the top.

You can subscribe to the feeds or follow the latest commands on Twitter. Every new command is wrapped in a tweet and posted to the Command-Line-Fu account.

Command-Line-Fu

Rsync is great, however, it only synchronizes files in one direction. Unison, on the other hand, synchronizes both ways. It allows two replicas of a collection of files and directories to be stored on different hosts, modified separately, and then brought up to date by propagating the changes in each replica to the other.

Why you should use Unison instead of Rsync:

• Unison works across platforms, allowing you to synchronize a Windows laptop with a Unix server, for example.
• Unlike simple mirroring or backup utilities, Unison can deal with updates to both replicas of a distributed directory structure. Updates that do not conflict are propagated automatically. Conflicting updates are detected and displayed.
• Unlike a distributed filesystem, Unison is a user-level program: there is no need to modify the kernel or to have superuser privileges on either host.
• Unison works between any pair of machines connected to the internet, communicating over either a direct socket link or tunneling over an encrypted ssh connection. It is careful with network bandwidth, and runs well over slow links such as PPP connections. Transfers of small updates to large files are optimized using a compression protocol similar to rsync.
• Unison is resilient to failure. It is careful to leave the replicas and its own private structures in a sensible state at all times, even in case of abnormal termination or communication failures.

Links

• Project Homepage
• Unison User Manual and Reference Guide
• Keep your laptop and PC in Unison

Eric Wendelin wrote:

I often use shell scripts to automate mundane, repeatable tasks on my computer. Since I’ve found Groovy, though, I have discovered a great way to make writing those scripts easier and more enjoyable. This is especially true if I have anything complex to do, and it saves me a LOT of time.

I couldn’t agree more. Also, I’m quite impressed how easy is to operate on an XML document with Groovy.

Get groovy for better shell scripts

During his keynote presentation at OSCON last year, Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth described application extensibility as an important enabler of innovation and user empowerment. Citing the Firefox web browser and its rich ecosystem of add-ons as an example, Shuttleworth suggested that the Linux community could deliver a lot of extra value by making scriptable automation and plugin capabilities available pervasively across the entire desktop stack.

Mark Shuttleworth also described his strategy for accelerating the adoption of Linux. He discussed the importance of extensibility in open platforms, contemplated the challenges of adapting conventional software methodologies so that they can be used for community-driven development, and contended that the open source software community has the potential to deliver a user experience which exceeds that of Apple’s Mac OS X platform.

Ryan Paul: Building desktop Linux apps with JavaScript

Jetty Web server can be invoked and installed as a stand alone application server. It has a flexible component based architecture that allows it to be easily deployed and integrated in a diverse range of instances. The project is supported by a growing community and a team with a history of being responsive to innovations and changing requirements. More info here.

Installing Jetty

First you need to download Jetty. It’s distributed as a platform independent zip file containing source, javadocs and binaries. The most recent distro can be downloaded from Codehaus:

$ wget http://dist.codehaus.org/jetty/jetty-6.1.14/jetty-6.1.14.zip
$ unzip jetty-6.1.14.zip
$ cp -R jetty-6.1.14 /opt/
$ cd /opt
$ ln -s /opt/jetty-6.1.14 jetty

Problems installing Jetty? More info here.

Running Jetty

Running jetty is as simple as going to your jetty installation directory and typing:

$ cd /opt/jetty
$ java -jar start.jar etc/jetty.xml

This will start jetty and deploy a demo application available at:

http://localhost:8080/test

That’s it. Now stop Jetty with cntrl-c in the same terminal window as you started it.

Installing Quercus

Quercus is a complete implementation of the PHP language and libraries in Java. It gives both Java and PHP developers a fast, safe, and powerful alternative to the standard PHP interpreter. Quercus is available for download as a WAR file which can be easily deployed on Jetty:

$ wget -P ~/quercus http://quercus.caucho.com/download/quercus-3.2.1.war
$ jar xf ~/quercus/quercus-3.2.1.war

Unpack the WAR file and copy all the jars to Jetty’s global library directory:

$ cp ~/quercus/WEB-INF/lib/* /opt/jetty/lib

Configuring Jetty

Edit the web.xml file:

$ vi /opt/jetty/webapps/test/WEB-INF/web.xml

Add the following between the web-app tags:

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>Quercus Servlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.caucho.quercus.servlet.QuercusServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>Quercus Servlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>*.php</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.php</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

Create a PHP file inside the test application:

$ cat /opt/jetty/webapps/test/index.php
<?php phpinfo(); ?>

This file will be available at:

http://localhost:8080/index.php

It works! You are now ready to:

Instantiate objects by class name

<?php
$a = new Java("java.util.Date", 123);
print $a->time;

Import classes

<?php
import java.util.Date;

$a = new Date(123);
print $a->time;

Call Java methods

<?php
import java.util.Date;

$a = new Date(123);
print $a->getTime();
print $a->setTime(456);

print $a->time;
$a->time = 456;

And much, much more.